Road to CSS'29

Facts: Sudani Armed forces (SAF) is the official military force of Sudan that controls Kahrtoum, Port Sudan and east Sudan while Rapid Support Forces (RSF) is a militia group mainly controlling Darfur and southern regions in Sudan. SAF is commaned by General Abdel Fateh Al-Burhan while General Hamad Mosa Hemedti leads RSF. RSF is allegedly supported by UAE via shipments through Chad and Mali while Iran and Russia support SAF. RSF sieged Darfur for 18 months and reportedly 150,000 people were killed. It also caused serious healthcare problems (e.g, cholera outbreaks), and mass migration (of 14 million people); more than 8 million are internally displaced (IDPs) and around 3.8 million people moved to neighbouring countries Egypt (1.5 million), Chad (775,000) and South Sudan. The October killings in Al - Fasher occured due to drone attacks on the refugee camp which caused 57 casualties. Causes: The ongoing conflict started in early 2023 when the negotiations to merge RSF into SAF failed. ...

 According to article 161 of 1973 constitution of Pakistan, it is mendatory to review the formula, dividing the federal tax collection. It was made mandatory in the constitution to review the previous NFC award and make the new one evey five years. The first NFC award was presented in 1974, under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, where the tax was divided between federation and provinces on a fixed 20:80 ratio. The criteria of the division was mere the population percentage of each province. Thus, Punjab received the highest share. In 1979, It was presented, General under Zia ul Haq, by finance minister Ghulam Ishaq Khan but consensus couldn't be made among the provinces. Third one was presented in 1985. The fourth NFC award was presented in a democratic government of Nawaz Sharif in 1990 and it was implemented in 1991. The tax amount including income tax, import and export duties were divisible among the provinces but excise duties were not included. 1996, it was presented by then caretaker pr...